Ventilator Associated Pneumonia Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Ventilator associated pneumonia is a serious infection impacting both the patient, health care installation, and staff. It is the 2nd most common healthcare-acquired infection ( Koening, 2006 ) . Incidence of VAP is estimated every bit high as 65 % and it occurs in up to 28 % of patients who have been on the ventilator 48 hours or longer ( Powers, 2006 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Ventilator Associated Pneumonia Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The mortality rate associated with VAP scopes from 12-50 % ( Sona et al, 2009 ) . Studies on the mortality rates of VAP besides show that patients who develop VAP have a 2.2 to 4.3 times higher hazard of decease compared to other automatically ventilated patients who do non hold pneumonia ( Powers, 2006 ) . A twosome affects that VAP has upon the patient and health care installation are clip of hospitalization and health care costs. Ventilator associated pneumonia causes the length of a infirmary stay to increase significantly. It can increase the hospitalization clip anyplace from four to nineteen yearss longer ( Powers, 2006 ) . This excess hospitalization can do extra emphasis for the patient and their wellness. As the incidence of VAP causes longer hospitalizations to happen, patient and wellness attention installation costs ascent besides. It is estimated that the mean addition in infirmary costs is about $ 57,000 per VAP happening ( Powers, 2006 ) . There are besides increases to the infirmary that occur due to additions in supplies used, staff that is utilised, and more medicines used. Since VAP has such a negative impact upon patients and health care installations many intercessions have been tried to forestall the incidence of VAP. One intercession utilized is maintaining the caput of the patient ‘s bed raised to at least 30 grades to forestall aspiration of bacteriums in secernments. Another is â€Å" sedation holidaies † which consists of disrupting the patient ‘s sedation medicine until patient shows marks of watchfulness, to measure if patients can be weaned off the ventilator more rapidly. Other noteworthy intercessions that have been utilized in the yesteryear and some in today ‘s pattern every bit good include: suctioning secernments, good sterile techniques such as manus lavation, and unwritten attention ( Pruitt A ; Jacobs, 2006 ) . Patients are continually developing VAP and holding complications from the infection. If it is found that everyday unwritten attention, defined as dentitions brushing with the usage of an unwritten disinfectant within this paper, can cut down the incidence of VAP in automatically ventilated patients it could diminish length of infirmary stay, maintain costs due to incidence of VAP down for both patient and healthcare establishment, every bit good as lessening mortality rates in these patients. Clinical Question Ventilator associated pneumonia occurs manner excessively frequently in the infirmary scene. It causes important emphasis on the patient ‘s already debatable wellness position. The author of this paper has observed many nurses who are argus-eyed in supplying unwritten attention to ventilated patients, but has besides observed other nurses who forego unwritten attention as if it non of import and has no affects upon the patient ‘s wellness. This made the author inquiry what the existent effectivity of unwritten attention has upon cut downing the incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia in automatically ventilated patients. This issue is really relevant to nursing because the ultimate end of a nurse is to assist the patient have the best possible result. Trying to accomplish the best possible result for the patient makes infection control is a really high precedence for nurses. Patients who have infections are more prone to acquire other infections and necessitate more nursing attention and more clip to retrieve from their unwellnesss. Although VAP will go on to happen in patients, and unwritten attention is non a remedy for ventilator associated pneumonia, there is valuable information included in research surveies included within this paper that shows the incidence of VAP can be reduced in automatically ventilated patients by implementing everyday unwritten attention. Empirical Review 1 The intent of the first survey, conducted by Sona et Al, 2005 was to find the consequence of a everyday unwritten attention protocol upon incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. The research design was a quantitative, experiment, quasi-experimental survey which utilized a non-equivalent control group before and after the design. The survey had no conceptual model stated by the research workers. Within the survey, the variables of significance to the clinical inquiry being looked at were the everyday unwritten attention protocol and the ventilator-associated pneumonia rates. The independent variable of new unwritten attention protocol was defined as the mechanical cleaning of the dentition or gums to take plaque with a tooth coppice and the application of an unwritten disinfectant. The survey went on to farther discourse the protocol as brushing the dentition for one to two proceedingss with a regular toothbrush and so using.12 % chlorahexidine to all unwritten surfaces every 12 hours. The dependent variable was the ventilator associated pneumonia rates. It was defined as a common infirmary acquired infection and is the taking cause of decease in ICU patients who are ventilator dependent. Ventilator associated pneumonia rates were measured utilizing the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System ( NNIS ) criteria.The dependability nor the cogency of this instrument was addressed within the survey. Another variable that was studied was length of stay. This was merely measured by the figure of yearss that the patient spent within the ICU after a ventilator associated pneumonia infection occurred ( Sona et al. , 2009 ) . This survey took topographic point at Barnes Jewish Hospital on a 24 bed intensive attention unit ( Sona et al. , 2009 ) . The survey focused peculiarly on patients that were admitted to the surgical intensive attention unit ( SICU ) whom required mechanical airing. The topics consisted of all patients who had mechanical airing between June 1, 2003 and May 31, 2005. Subjects were chosen utilizing non-probability convenience sampling. The pre-intervention was implemented for patients that were admitted between June 1, 2003 and May 31, 2005. The size of this sample was 777 patients. The pre-intervention stage consisted of standard attention the nurse provided to the patients, no alterations were provided during this clip ; lone observation took topographic point. One month before the terminal of the pre-intervention stage all nursing staff working on the SICU were debriefed and educated on the purposes of the survey every bit good as the new everyday unwritten attention protocol by two clinical nurse specializers and a nurse pedagogue. This was to assist forestall disagreements in the intercession. During the station intercession stage of the survey which took topographic point between June 2004 until May 2005 the sample size consisted of 871 patients who were all nil per os ( NPO ) ( Sona et al. , 2009 ) On June 1, 2004 the new everyday unwritten attention protocol was implemented ( Sona et al. , 2009 ) . The intervention/protocol consisted of the nurse brushing the dentition of the patient for one to two proceedingss with a regular toothbrush, rinsing the oral cavity with H2O and suctioning it out, and so utilizing 15 milliliter of.12 % chlorahexidine to cleanse the oral cavity. The intercession was repeated every 12 hours by the registered nursing staff. Conformity of the protocol was estimated to be about 90 % and the execution was carried out for 12 months before consequences were analyzed ( Sona et al. , 2009 ) . For this survey the degree of significance was expressed utilizing p-values. A p value of less than.05 was considered important ( Sona et al. , 2009 ) . For the information analysis, two statistical trials were used: The Mantel-Haesnel Chi Squared. After the analysis of informations, it was determined that p=.04 demoing that the everyday unwritten attention protocol did do a important decrease in the ventilator-associated pneumonia rates within the topics studied. The pre-intervention rate for VAP was 5.2 infection per 1000 ventilator yearss while post-intervention rate for VAP showed 2.4 infections per 1000 ventilator yearss ( Sona et al. , 2009 ) . Other statistics for the survey showed the patient ‘s figure of yearss the patient was on ventilator was decreased ( Sona et al. , 2009 ) . From the statistical analysis within the survey, the research workers derived certain findings and decisions ( Sona et al. , 2009 ) . One of the findings was that the station intercession group had tendencies toward shorter clip on the ventilator, every bit good as length of infirmary stay. The chief determination within the survey found that when the everyday unwritten attention protocol was being utilised, the rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia were significantly decreased. The research worker makes it a point to province that although the determination suggests that the execution of the protocol reduces rate of VAP this can non be proven ( Sona et al. , 2009 ) . This survey is a nonrandomized controlled test. The quality of this grounds was converting and important. It was a consistent survey and it is considered to be of Level II quality. Certain immaterial variables that could hold had an consequence upon the result of the survey, as identified by the pupil, could hold been the status the patient was in before the ICU admittance, any preexistent conditions that could change wellness and increase the hazard of infection, and the nurses attitude toward executing unwritten attention. Although the survey was a strong and consistent one, it did hold both strengths and failings. There were no strengths identified by the research workers. However, the pupil did place some strengths within this survey. One of the first strengths was the instruction that was given to the nursing staff prior to the execution of the protocol. This helped the survey to be more valid by increasing the continuity of the attention and manner the nurses performed the protocol. The other strength of the survey was the design being a quasi-experimental. This is because quasi-experimental surveies normally can be generalized to the population that is being studied. Failings that were addressed within the survey by the research workers was that the research workers themselves did non measure the dentitions brushing part of the intercession to do certain that the nurses were being consistent in the manner they did it, and if the nurses performed it for the right sum of clip ( Sona et al. , 2009 ) . This resulted in the deficiency of control over nursing techniques. Another failing of the survey recognized by the research worker was the survey did non take into history the alteration in the patient population over the continuance of the survey ( Sona et al. , 2009 ) . Some weaknesses the pupil identified within this survey was that the survey was really susceptible to bias because no blinding or cover was used within this survey. Everyone knew what was happening and this could hold had the research workers looking as if the intercession helped more than it really did. Within the survey the research worker did non turn to if the survey could be generalized. However, the author of the paper believes that this survey can be generalized. The intercession is a really simple one. Most civilizations have no jobs with utilizing unwritten attention. Besides, most infirmaries have intensive attention units and/or ventilator dependant patients which were the population within the survey. This intercession within the survey does non hold a batch of hazards. The lone hazards mentioned were possible tooth staining from the antimicrobic and hapless gustatory sensation ( Sona et al. , 2009 ) . Besides, this intercession is really executable. To implement unwritten attention there is no particular preparation needed, although instruction should be provided. The unwritten attention modus operandi is a comparatively speedy intercession that takes no more than 5 proceedingss to implement, which would let nurses with busy agendas to still be able to execute the interc ession. Besides, this intercession is really low cost compared to the cost of ventilator associated pneumonia instances. Therefore, the cost-benefit ratio would be a great benefit to health-care installations. This survey suggests that unwritten attention can be really effectual in diminishing the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia rates. Although a really valid survey, one survey is non adequate grounds to implement a new protocol into a nurse ‘s pattern. One must look for more surveies and literature to back up the determination in order to try to implement it into pattern. The following survey that was appraised by the author of this paper seems to back up the findings that were found in this survey. Empirical Review 2 The following survey examined by the author of this paper was a research survey conducted by Mori et al.,2005. The intent of the survey was to find if unwritten attention of automatically ventilated patients contributed to the bar and decrease of the incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia ( Mori et al. , 2005 ) . The research design utilized for this survey was a quantitative, experimental, quasi-experimental which used a non-equivalent before and after attack. Within the survey the research worker did non province any theoretical model to steer the survey. The survey was non randomized, and used a non-probability convenience sample method ( Mori et al. , 2005 ) . The research survey took topographic point on a medical/surgical intensive attention unit in an urban university infirmary which was non named by the research worker ( Mori et al. , 2005 ) . The population of involvement was ventilator dependent patients with tracheal cannulation. Since topics were chosen by convenience sampling, they were chosen as they became available on the unit. Inclusion standards for topics were that they must hold been having mechanical airing and have tracheal cannulation. Exclusion standards for the survey were patient ‘s whose conditions contraindicated unwritten attention, patients with terrible shed blooding inclinations, or patients with iodine allergic reactions. The sample for the unwritten attention group was patients admitted to the intensive attention unit between January 1997 and December 2002, and consisted of 1,248 patients. The sample for the non-oral attention group, or the control, was patients admitted during January of 1995 until Dece mber of 1996 ; this sample size was 414 topics ( Mori et al. , 2005 ) For this survey, the independent variable was the unwritten attention being delivered ( Mori et al. , 2005 ) . This variable was defined as cleaning of the unwritten pit three times a twenty-four hours by nursing employees following the specified new protocol. The protocol was that the nurse would look into the patient ‘s critical marks and so make unwritten suctioning, followed by positioning the patient ‘s caput to the side to forestall suffocation and find the status of the unwritten mucous membrane. After this the nurse would clean the oral cavity with a 20-fold diluted solution of providone-iodine mouthwash ( antimicrobic ) . Then the usage of a standard toothbrush was used to brush the dentition ; the patient ‘s oral cavity was rinsed with H2O. Directly following the brushing and rinse, the providone-iodine was utilized once more by swobing the oral cavity and dentition. Finally, unwritten suctioning was done one concluding clip. The dependent variable in the survey was the incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia. This variable was defined as a hospital-acquired pneumonia that becomes present after 48 hours of the patient being automatically ventilated. Ventilator associated pneumonia was suspected if spot infiltrates were present upon the patient ‘s chest x-ray and two of the following were present: a temperature of 100.4 grades Fahrenheit, white blood cell count of 10,000 M3 or higher, or pussy respiratory secernments were observed. A definite diagnosing of ventilator associated pneumonia, which was used for grounds of the incidence in this survey, was determined by trancheobronchial secernment civilizations demoing a consequence of 1+ or more. Other variables were continuance of hospitalization defined as length of stay measured by the figure of yearss and the causative agent of the pneumonia identified by bacterial civilizations ( Mori et al. , 2005 ) . Reliability and Validity of the civilizations and skiagraphy used to m ensurate if ventilator associated pneumonia was present and causative agent were non addressed within the survey by the research worker, so the cogency is unknown. How to cite Ventilator Associated Pneumonia Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Family Reunion free essay sample

Family History Societies work with Canadian born families. edit]lnternational Family Reunification Family reunification for third-country nationals remains a politically charged issue. The ICCPR (Art. 2. 4) states openly the right of each person to enter in the country of reunification has become a controversial humanitarian and human rights issue as well as a much debated immigration policy issue. [edit]Genealogy Societies The purpose of genealogical societies is to form a community of researchers and help its members create a library of families history resources. F6S was founded in 1976 and represents the members of more than 600 genealogical societies. Organizations like the African American Genealogical Society of Northern California assist family embers connect the branches of the family tree using genealogy and Internet resources. [edit]Traditional Family Reunion Activities Traditional family reunion activities include an afternoon luncheon or early evening dinner and program featuring music, song, poetry reading, history recitals, honorary recognition of elders, community contributions and educational achievements. We will write a custom essay sample on Family Reunion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Historic Skits Reenactments that highlight pivotal points in a familys history. Participants are introduced to the art of developing a timeline as well as period research with a focus on costume design, customs, dialogue and social, economic and echnological developments. Story Telling A fascinating art that brings to life tales of ancestors and their accomplishments. Along with stories of legends of the past, life lessons are taught. The meaning behind family traditions are shared while relaying important family history factoids and the ties that bind. Genealogy Tours Takes the family on an exciting tour of important genealogical hot spots including the family homestead, the towns in which the family settled, the Jobs they held, machines they worked, markets they traded and streets they walked as well as social activities they mmersed themselves into. Genealogy Presentations A Presentation of historic documents and vintage artifacts that identify timelines, economic status, historic events and locations of ancestors. edit]Annual Proclamations and Observances Family Reunion Month A Proclamation in 1985 To raise awareness of a growing trend of runaway children and newly formed organizations to help reunite families of runaways the Congress, by House Joint Resolution 64, has designated the period between Mothers Day, May 12, and Fathers Day, June 16, 1985, as Family Reunion Month and authorized and requested the President to issue a proclamation in observance of this period. National Family Reunion Month While some commercial enterprises have dubbed August as National Family Reunion Month many social groups including churches observe National Family Reunion Month in the month of July. Annual Family Reunion Planning Month A family awareness group with a focus on genealogy and traditional family reunion planning established in 2005 named November as Annual Family Reunion Planning Month. Mark A. Askew, Founder, Legendary Heritage Heirlooms, Family Reunion Planning

Four Summers Essays - , Term Papers, Research Papers

Four Summers I found the story Four Summers to be a very odd and different piece. I thought it was a very true and realistic story, but the way it was told threw me off a little. The believable part of the story is how it relates to family life. Many children grow up thinking about how different their lives will be when they are adults, but it just doesn't work that way. No matter how hard you may try, you will end up similar to your parents, be it language, activities, or the lifestyle in general. Throughout her childhood, Sissie seemed to despise the bar and did not want anything to do with it. She also had a tough time deciding whether or not she liked her father. When she grew up, she married a man that was quite similar to her own father. Jesse was a big guy, he enjoyed the bar scene, and he drank beer. Those are characteristics of Sissie's father. The family cycle lives on yet another generation and will probably keep going until someone makes an active effort to cease that type of behavior. The stranger Sissie met as a fourteen year-old is the only thing I didn't understand. Why was that such a significant thing for her when she came back to the bar with Jesse? The only conclusion I can make is that the stranger would have been the one to break the cycle with Sissie. That doesn't seem likely though, as he was in the bar in the first place, and he was in it when she returned several years later. I didn't really like reading this story because of the manner in which it was written. It was different, but not easy to decipher at draw conclusions from.

Dancing Skeltons Essay Example

Dancing Skeltons Essay Example Dancing Skeltons Essay Dancing Skeltons Essay Dancing Skeletons In the ethnography, â€Å"Dancing Skeletons, the author Katherine Dettwyler describes many reasons for her research in Mali. The main focus of her research was too attack the problem of malnourished children and to figure out what diseases they were struggling with. This ethnography detailed Dettwyler’s second trip to Mali, and she wanted to relocate many of the children she had previously measured, as well as add more children to her study. Throughout the ethnography, Dettwyler makes it very clear that the malnutrition of these children is a major problem in Mali. She describes many of the children she measures and the picture she paints in one’s mind is horrifying. One of the many diseases she comes across is Kwashiorkor, or funu bana (which means â€Å"swelling sickness†). Dettwyler allows you to feel the pain of this disease by detailing a young girl, â€Å" Her face was round and puffy, almost as though she had been beaten†¦ but the defining characteristic was her enormously swollen abdomen†¦her expression was one of sadness and apathy, her eyes sunken and dull†(Dettwyler 1994:71,72). This description allows the reader to feel for these children and understand the immense hardships that they have to deal with every day. The problem of malnourished children stems from the lack of education within the community. The children all the way up to the adults do not know, or in some cases do not have the resources to drink and eat correctly, or clean themselves. There are a tremendous amount of examples in this ethnography that support this but one of the most troubling is when the teenaged boy tells Dettwyler that his red urine was, â€Å"part of growing up†(Dettwyler 1994:46). She later realized that many cultures believe that the red urine is a sign of being sexually mature and when in reality this was an example of a person with schistosomiasis. This disease is caused by parasites that burrow through the skin ending up in the urinary tract and can be fatal. My reaction to this book was that it was good first hand feedback to the hardships of cultures in Mali. Reading this, many questions arose about different ways Dettwyler went about her research, and how she acted in Mali. First of all Mrs. Dettwyler, why would you ever subject your young daughter, twice, to a place where the malaria and immense amounts of other diseases are widespread and where fully developed healthy adults have died because of it? This is probably the most selfish thing she could have done. She herself explains how many anthropologists have died in areas of Mali from malaria. She provides an example of one American who died, her name was Kay. She died from cerebral malaria, and there were many others in the past just like her who died. Dettwyler experienced this the first time and yet still brought back her daughter, Miranda. I understand that she did this for company but part of being an anthropologist is excepting the fact that at some point you may experience culture shock. This argument was fueled by common sense and also what I learned in class and in the readings. When an anthropologist decides to do fieldwork they are agreeing to deal with many things, one of them being culture shock. Another topic I would have liked to hear about is the healthy children. The entire ethnography is based on the malnourished children. This is the major issue, but is every child in Mali malnourished? If not then what are the healthy children and parents doing differently to keep from succumbing to the ample diseases. The only time Dettwyler really expresses the healthy children is explaining that the ones who were breastfeed are relatively healthier than the others. She says this is the case because, â€Å"mother’s milk provides all the nutrients and calories they need, as well as living cells that grant immunological protection from disease† (Dettwyler 1994:79). This provided good insight into how these children should be nourished and more facts like that would have helped the overall effect of the ethnography. The final thing I wish Dettwyler looked more into was the male/female relationship and how the males felt about the female gender. I do not know if she didn’t address this because she had limited interaction with the males because of her gender, or whether it was simply of no interest to her. If she could have explained further why she didn’t take much account to this it would have added a more well-rounded ethnography. What roles did the fathers play in the child raising? Were they passive like it appeared or was it just not discussed? Dettwyler displayed tremendous anthropological skills as well as some not so good skills. A good thing she did was build a high amount rapport with the Malians. This was important so they would allow her to measure them, and also so they would trust her when she taught them how to properly nourish their children. In the text she almost always displays a calm and intellectual demeanor when she is speaking to parents about their badly diseased or injured child. She has seen so many things that she is not surprised as too what she will see next and it helps her keep her composure. One time she didn’t follow this was when she ran away from the dance because she was so upset about the â€Å"dancing skeletons†. Dettwyler ended up breaking down at a ceremonial dance that they were doing for her. The reason she became so upset was because she saw all the terrible malnourished children dancing, and she said they looked like â€Å"dancing skeletons† Dettwyler who seemingly never seems phased by what she sees, said, â€Å"I fled, in anger and horror†¦hot tears coursed down my cheeks†(Dettwyller 1994:143). This helps reinforce the fact that being an anthropologist is not easy and the things they experience are life changing. One anthropological issue I think she is displaying is ethnocentrism. There are many instances where she does not respect the values of the people and she can be disrespectful towards them. One of the instances is when she refuses to eat the goat they prepared, and Macan replies saying, â€Å"But they killed this goat especially for you† (Dettwyller 1994:82). After Macon says that, she still refuses to eat the meat and is even rude about it. There is also another instance where she refuses to eat the food in the Famabougou village after a day of measuring. She doesn’t care that what she is doing is offending them, because she said the food was filled with bacteria from being out all day, and she didn’t want to eat it. Although I would not want to eat bacteria either, I have learned in class that it is very important to show the utmost respect to the cultural people especially when they go out of their way to provide food.

The Passover-The Exodus Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Passover-The Exodus - Assignment Example The strong connection to the past may be important for other religious systems as well since the majority of they originated long ago and many believers may have lost the touch of the original message. Moreover, the true nature of rituals is an important issue for every religion as it wants people to gain valuable experiences. 2. The rabbi in question states an interesting aspect with regard to human rights, freedom and responsibility. She argues that while the modern Jews in particular and people in general are free, they should also be seen as slaves since no one can be truly free if the positive experience is not shared. I fully agree with her and believe that true freedom does not come with material prosperity, but a development of a unique state of mind that slaves will never possess. 3. There are many powerful symbols on Passover Seder Plate. One of them is egg which is a clear implication of a new life and new possibility. The next one is what is collectively referred to as greens showing that some plants may be dead on the outside, but alive inside and give a new life. The next element is sweets which reflect the stable life while being slaves. Finally, there is a bitter lettuce that people are expected to eat until tears drop from their eyes to understand that freedom also comes with bitterness. The provided statement suggests that such rituals as the Passover try to engage people into activities that they do not usually witness in their ordinary life in order to develop a personal experience of the events which are told. The ritual that I would like to analyze is called the Holy Communion. In the course of it, a person is provided with a peace of bread and some amount of wine that are given by a priest. The bread is thought to be the body of Jesus Christ that is given to the believers to consume. The wine is thought to turn into His blood. So, after this ritual a

Assignment on Brasil food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Assignment on Brasil food - Essay Example The paper specifically studies three things. First it studies Brazil as a country and the impact of its economy with regards to providing a competitive advantage to its home bred companies and industries. Porter’s Diamond Model is used extensively in this section. Secondly, the paper studies globalisation and specifically the rise of emerging markets, their characteristics and ways for multinational corporations to succeed in these high potential markets. The frameworks developed by Khanna  and  Palepu  (2010) are used extensively in this section. The third section analyses the internal and external environments of Brasil Foods using the classical frameworks: PESTEL, SWOT and Porter’s five forces. The paper finds Brasil Foods to be a strong organisation with a sound business model, a strong home economy and sustainable core competencies that should enable it pursue its multinational strategy. The paper concludes by recommending that Brasil Foods begin its multin ational strategy in the Middle East where it has an established base that it could use to advance into North Africa as well. China is also recommended. Table of Contents Executive Summary ii Table of Contents 1 1.Introduction 2 2.Literature review 2 3.Analysis 5 3.1.Internal and external influences on Brazil 5 3.2.Globalisation, emerging markets and Brasil Foods 7 3.3.Internal and external analysis of Brasil Foods 9 4.Conclusion and recommendations 11 References 13 Appendix A: PESTLE analysis 15 Appendix B: Five forces analysis 17 Appendix C: SWOT analysis 19 1. Introduction Brasil Foods seeks to replicate its domestic success internationally. Its international strategy so far has been to simply export commodities and low-value added goods to its foreign customers. However, for the company to realize the vision outlined in its strategic plan titled â€Å"BRF 2015†, the company’s international strategy has to move from being export-based to transnational where the compa ny will need to produce, distribute and brand products within its target emerging markets. There are four broad factors at play that could influence the success or failure of Brasil Foods 2015 vision: the internal and external influences of the company’s host country – Brazil; the effect of globalisation; the strategies, structure, culture and capabilities of the company itself; and how it shall go about managing the complexity and change that shall arise out of its new international strategy. This paper looks at each of these factors and gives a concludes with some recommendations for the senior management of Brasil Foods to take into consideration as they seek to remodel their international strategy from export-based to a multinational strategy. 2. Literature review In looking at the internal and external influences of the company’s host country, Brazil, the immediate question that arises is whether Brazil provides an environment where Brasil Foods will be abl e to create and sustain competitive advantage against the world’s best competitors in the food industry. Porter  (1990) proposed a diamond model that outlined four broad attributes of a nation that shape the environments in which local firms compete and that could either promote or impede the creation of competitive advantages for its local firms. The diamond model tackles a broad range of issues from the strength of Brazil’s domestic market, to level of local competitive rivalry, to the

Explain an Evaluate the Principal Features of Adam Smith's Treatment Essay

Explain an Evaluate the Principal Features of Adam Smith's Treatment of Value and Distribution - Essay Example He agreed with government expenditure on public goods, such as, enforcement of the law, infrastructure and security. He also acknowledged what he thought to be drawbacks in development of economy, whether they were in the form of public spending or taxation except only the taxation of value of the land. He also put into consideration the relation between price and value. His conclusion was that that the cost of production is equivalent to the price of the product. He reasoned that when the quantity supplied to the market is enough to meet demand in the market and no extra, then the selling price may be said to be either near or exactly to the natural price, which is the cost of production1. He took this result as an outcome of market bargaining. Adam Smith argued that in a stable economic system and evaluation; many people would react to the enticement of earning extra specializing in their production. These people without intervention of the government they would be of significant v alue in industry and this will make the economy to be more productive and wealthy2. Adam based his argument on that by protecting specific producers will result to inefficient production and hence there will a rise in price. He asserts that when people are trading they value what they are going to buy in comparison to purchased goods’ value. ... The prices will be used to estimate and compare the value of the commodities. Adam Smith allowed for the difference of speed and skill a person has in doing a certain job. He argued that value based on demand is totally subjective. This is because some individuals will pay more amounts on a certain commodity while others will pay less on the same commodity. Smith’s analysis on value should be is considered under circumstances as one of his main purpose. He would make sure that workers were safe from being exploited by their self-interested employers who their main concern was to maximize profits, and hence paying his employees low wages. Given this situation, Adam said, the quality of output will be uniform to the labour they have used. He tried to uplift society significantly, by putting emphasis on free enterprise. He recommended that in a free market each individual is directed in making decisions by an imperceptible hand. This unseen hand guides people to formulate decisio ns that are of importance to the people and society at large without its knowledge. Every person labours so that he or she may provide revenue to the society. The person might not be intending to promote the interest of the public neither does he or she know by how much he has promoted it. The invisible hand is the one which makes the person to promote some part which was not of his objective. By chasing his personal interest he regularly improves that of the society more effectually and efficiently than when he had the intention to support it. In the theory of Adam Smith of how the economy is interrelated he shows how industries and labours function, and the way each one plays a crucial part in the production of goods in the industry3. The