The History of Rock Music

The History of Rock Music Free Online Research Papers Rock music crashed its way into the American music scene in 1955 via AM radio. From then to the early 1970s, rock and roll mirrored and also influenced almost every aspect of American life as there were many striking parallels between the particular styles of music during those times and the culture of the nation. With higher motivation for scientific progress, new trends, and political influence, rock music served a powerful voice for the youth of nearly three generations. I’m thinking that Elvis Presley helped out immensely with the rock movement. What he did in his concerts made all the females want him. He had really catchy lyrics, a nice voice that made the girls go wild, and shook his hips that made girls go even wilder. Plus he was on TV and radio everywhere you looked and listened. What about The Beetles you ask? Well they came all the over from the United Kingdom and made hit after hit over here in the U.S. They had more that forty singles, albums, EP’s that reached number one. That success was repeated in many countries. Their genre of music was more than just rock ‘n roll. So they did not just stick to one type of rock, they broadened their horiozons. The influence of rock and roll is far-reaching, and has had significant impact worldwide on fashion and film styles. There are many bands that play a helpful role in helping out the environment with charity events such as Live Aid. There are many different kinds of rock music but they all rely on 4 things. It combines prominent vocal, with one, two, or even 3 guitars, bass guitar, and drums. Some bands have harmonicas, keyboards, keytars, and so on. So, if you can not tell, it is pretty upbeat. Rock music revolves around the guitar. That’s probably why it’s so attractive to most people. Rock music is associated with rebellion. It’s also portrayed everywhere you see an advertisement. From having radio stations, music stations on TV, and commercials on TV. What is the first thing that comes to your mind when you here someone say something about rock music? It is loud, it is the devils music. Most people think, even me, if it is too loud, you are too old. But, I mean, there are other types of rock. There are slow jams, easy listening, and fast guitars like Slayer or Dragonforce. There is psychedelic rock for the hippies to listen to when they trip on acid. There is also surf rock, like the Beach Boys, for the beach bums. Nearly every country has rock bands, so it is all over the world. So it is pretty hard to miss. For some reason old people say its devil music. All because it is loud, fast, and hard. But there are so many different subgenres of rock that you can find something good to listen to real easy. Eric Clapton can make his guitar talk, literally! Not all rock is screaming, and double bass drums. But hey, some people like that. In the mid 70’s, punk rock came out. Punk rock was a big counterculture movement. People starte d dressing in leather studded jackets, Mohawks, different colored hair. All because there favorite band showed up to a concert dressed that way. It became a uniform for many people; all types of rock music fans. I guess you can say music has a big influence on most people. But like every fan says, it is only music. For most people, music takes them away from the â€Å"real world† and it just puts some people in a better mood. It can also give people an energy boost. Oh, the energy, it can go from controlled chaos to sweet calmness. For example, ever been in a mosh pit? Its pretty heavy, you can get out all your energy and aggression out that way, in a good way though. MTV, VH1, and Fuse helped out in making rock music more mainstream. Thanks guys. Back in the day, MTV used to play music videos all day, so rock started reaching to more people everyday. VH1 used to have pop up videos. Pop up videos were music videos with little bits of information that you probably wouldn’t know about that particular band, it also showed the lyrics to the song. And now on to the lyrics of rock; band members write lyrics that tell it how it is. They don’t care if you like it or not, but they will say it because it is fast and heavy. Bands like Nirvana wrote lyrics that teens all over can relate to. They talk about teen angst, family problems, love troubles; you know normal things teenagers deal with. Then there is emo music. As you can tell by the name, emo lyrics are about depression and even more love troubles. Oh, how can I forget the internet too? The internet plays a big role in the influence of rock music; from bands on myspace, to downloading music on file sharing programs like Ares, BearShare, and LimeWire. Even after the lawsuit on Napster, file sharing programs haven’t slowed down on downloading. The attraction of rock music is not just about a particular preference for loud music and athletic dancing. Rock music also symbolizes a whole cluster of cultural values concerning self expression, spontaneity, released sexuality, and defiance of the alleged boringness of tradition. Back in the Woodstock days, the hippies would do all kinds of drugs, and they would even have sex right there in the field. As you can see rock music is pretty influential. It provides a sense of freedom; you’re not tied down to anything. Anybody can listen to rock music. It does not matter if your black, white, a politician (I hope not), or just some neighborhood kid that lives with his parents. With all the facts out there, and in here, it is obvious that people are hooked on this type of music, and it does not look like rock is going away any time soon. 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A Beautiful Mind

A Beautiful Mind Review If you ever wondered and wanted to experience how a person with schizophrenia thinks and acts, A Beautiful Mind is the perfect example. The movie tells the life story of John Nash. You get a point of view of a real person who struggles with schizophrenia in their everyday life. In this movie the phototype of schizophrenia is described as a person who lives their life thinking and believing that theres an actual living person or people they talk to, but in reality its Just delusions and hallucinations they are experiencing. They are the only ones who can see or hear them. Essentially, it is in their heads. Hallucinations may include things a person sees, hears, smells, or feels, that no one else can. Delusions are often false beliefs such as being followed or watched. The movie starts off in Nashs early years at Princeton, where he is not yet aware of he has schizophrenia. After Princeton, Nash married Alicia. When Alicia becomes pregnant with their child, Alicia notices that John is working late and at odd times and is becoming very paranoid. Alicia becomes concerned about him but John only shuts her out. This is when John Nashs world turned upside down. He believed he was secretly working for the government, decoding Russian codes. He comes to realize that the codes in the newspapers, the government spies, and the car chases were all delusions. Later in the movie Nash also learns that his old roommate was Just a hallucination as well. Princeton had no record of his friend Charles. After discovering that he had schizophrenia, Nash struggled with getting better. There were times where he would take his medication faithfully and times where he wouldnt. Alicia showed her love and dedication to her husband by staying with him and helping him through this struggle when both of their realities turned upside down. Thanks to the help of his wife and his friends Nash was able to return to his work. In 1994 John Nash was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work on game theory. I think that A Beautiful Mind was an amazing movie showing his story of how he coped with his schizophrenia. A Beautiful Mind By logelaJ

The 9th grade girls at Apopka High School are not comfortable with Research Proposal

The 9th grade girls at Apopka High School are not comfortable with their changing bodies. They feel unattractive and insecure an - Research Proposal Example Most importantly, some studies have shown that girls’ tend to develop positive character, including improved self-esteem and confidence, as a result of participating in sports (Scottish Executive, 2003; Strong et al., 2005). Brief overview of the plan The study will start with identification of the problem, then a review of the literature. Thereafter, a field study will be conducted in 10 schools, specifically involving 100 Fifth-Grade female Students. The researcher will ask both open-ended and closed-ended questions, which will help identify different factors that are associated with girl’s participation and lack of participation in sports. As such, the data that will be collected will be both qualitative and quantitative. The analysis of the quantitative data will rely on SPSS for analysis, with regression analysis and descriptive statistics being performed. Nvivo software will be used to categorize qualitative data, especially by identifying common themes. The resea rcher will use purposive sampling to identify the 10 schools and simple sampling in choosing the students that will participate. A purposeful sampling (also called judgmental sampling) is based on the fact the researcher is capable of selecting the schools that are effectively suited to meet the purpose of the study (Ritchie, Lewis, & Elam, 2003). The sample, though seemingly small, is a reasonable for the research purpose because most of the girls in different schools have many commonalities and hence no need to choose a very large sample. The program evaluation will take them form of check list filling, whereby the success of different goals will be identified. The achievement of the goals will be gauged by a rank art scale, which will be assigned 1-5 points for the purpose of quantification. Validity is important in assessing the accuracy and credibility of the data used in this study, which is also critical in ensuring that the results of a research are not biased. In other word s, validity will ensure that the study’s assessment and measurement process achieves the intended goal, or rather what is intended to be measured. To improve validity in this study, the researcher will uphold accuracy and credibility of information by selecting well-designed instruments. There are two types of validity, which according to Garson (2008) includes internal and external validity. The biases that are likely to affect the results of this study are the major threats to internal validity. Examples of such biases include subjectivity, researcher's biases, inflexible knowledge related to the theoretical framework and blind spots (Creswell, 2005). The research will be charged with the responsibility of reducing these biases in order to ensure validity of the study. According to Trochim (2006), external validity is related to the extent to which the results of the study can be generalized in other conditions. Since this study is faced with threats to external validity, i t cannot be generalized outside Atlanta area. Some of the reasons for lack of generalization to other areas include the fact that the demography of Atlanta area is different from other areas in the country. The research will use a triangulation technique to validate the results of the interviews. This will involve application of a number of data validation techniques such as backing up of the evidence from different individuals, using overlapping perspective and pieces of evidence, and authenticating information using several forms of

Relationship Between Land Use and Transportation in European Cities Essay

Relationship Between Land Use and Transportation in European Cities - Essay Example Increased land usage for preparing better transportation facilities is causing big problems in most parts of the world. â€Å"In the urban context, almost 80% of the citizens of the European Union are concentrated and most of transport related environmental, health and social problems occur there† (Achieving Sustainable Transport and land Use With Integrated Policies, p.4). â€Å"Although most land use factors have modest individual impacts, typically affecting just a few percent of total travel, they are cumulative and synergistic†(Land Use Impacts on Transport, p.3). This paper briefly analyses the relationship between land use and transportation in European cities, and how these help to address issues related to sustainability with the help of examples. Around 80% of the EU15 population lives in urban areas, and the transport of goods and people in these urban areas accounts for an important share of all transport kilometres in Europe. Per capita car ownership rates have increased over the past decades in virtually all cities (Achieving Sustainable Transport and land Use With Integrated Policies, p.6). Compared to the people in other parts of the world, Europeans are staying mostly in urban areas and therefore their reliance on automobiles and other transportation infrastructure are more. ... Better infrastructure related to transportation may motivate people to purchase more vehicles for their person al use whereas lack of transportation facilities may demotivate people from doing so. Traffic congestion often leads toward road accidents and thousands of Europeans die in every year as a result of that. Increased land use for construction of roads and rails may cause decreased availability of land for other purposes. It should be noted that the market share of the public transports in Europe is decreasing every year because of the increase in private carriers. To achieve sustainability goals, Europe should think seriously about â€Å"decoupling of transport growth significantly from growth in Gross Domestic Product in order to reduce congestion and other negative side-effects of transport† (Achieving Sustainable Transport and land Use With Integrated Policies, p.9). More focus should be given to the development of rail facilities than road facilities. Increased rail facilities and decreased road facilities would force the public to use public carriers more frequently and thereby sustainability goals with respect to transportation can be achieved up to certain extent. â€Å"Land use patterns affect accessibility, people’s ability to reach desired services and activities, which affects mobility, the amount and type of travel activity† (Land Use Impacts on Transport, p.6). In a rapidly moving world, the importance of transportation cannot be neglected. The value of time is increasing virtually in very second and therefore better transportation facilities are necessary to avoid wastage of time. At the same time, it is unwise to expand the transportation facilities beyond certain limits. There should be a

Was Andrew Jackson a good president Essay -- essays papers

Was Andrew Jackson a good president Andrew Jackson was born in a backwoods settlement in the Carolinas in 1776. His parents, Scotch-Irish folk, came to America two years before his birth. His mother was widowed while pregnant with him. At age 13, Andrew joined a regiment. He and his brother were both captured and imprisoned together by the British. Their mother got them released, but his brother died on the long trip home. During his independent days, he lived in a tavern with other students. He gained a reputation for charisma, and wildness and hooliganism (Morris, Introduction). After practicing law for a few years in North Carolina, he took up a job as public prosecutor. And after another several years of practicing law, he married Rachel Donelson Robards, the estranged wife of an abusive husband. Andrew also cultivated the imposing bearing of a â€Å"gentleman†, which entailed, in those days in the South, a challenge to a duel in responses to any grave insult, or otherwise with whipping or caning (Morris, Introduction). In late 1795, Andrew was on the committee to draft a constitution. He was under some powerful men who made him the first member of the House of Representatives from Tennessee. While in Congress, he co-signed in a land speculation with partners who went bankrupt. Fortunately for him, he escaped debtors prison. He retained a lifelong distrust of banks, and paper money, which was involved in the transaction (Morris, Section 3). In an episode of Jacks...

Examinership, Receivership and Liquidation in Ireland

The collapse of the Irish economy has triggered a substantial increase in the number of companies in Ireland which are being deemed insolvent and which are no longer in a position to continue operating as viable entities. This has caused the companies directors, creditors and shareholders to seek remedies available under Irish law. The law in Ireland regarding companies in financial difficulties was originally set out by the Companies Act 1963, which was amended in 1990, and then again in 1999.All cooperate entities must adhere to the legislation set out under the Act and their individual memorandum of association and articles of association, which together constitute the constitution of a company. The principal remedies for dealing with insolvent companies are: 1. Examinership; 2. Receivership; 3. Liquidation. 1. The concept of examinership was introduced into Irish law by the Companies (Amendment) Act 1990. This legislation was enacted in order to provide companies which were in fi nancial difficulties with the chance of recovering and thereby avoiding liquidation.An examinership is where the court places a company under its protection to enable a court appointed examiner to assess the affairs of a company and consider whether it is capable of survival, and if so, puts forward proposals that will facilitate that continuation of business. The motivation behind the creation of this legislation was the prevention of the collapse of the Goodman Group. The aim of this legislation was to avoid liquidation of companies with a chance of recovering from financial difficulties.Forde and Kennedy opine that the immediate objective and consequence of the protection created by this legislation is to provide the company or companies in question with extensive immunity against its creditors and against claims being made against it. McCormack in his article â€Å"Control and Corporate Rescue† believes that this role was created as a response to changing political and bu siness dynamics in the l990s. The receivership model was seen as being too creditor centred and as not being sufficiently responsive to the concerns of other stakeholders.The feeling at the time, McCormack opined, was that â€Å"banks had pushed companies unnecessarily into insolvency by being unduly precipitate in the appointment of receivers. † The original legislation has been criticised in numerous respects, and so has been amended significantly by the CA 1999. Finlay CJ in the Supreme Court in Re Holidair Ltd, acknowledged the shortcomings of the legislation and held that it is appropriate to approach the construction of any sections in CA 1990 on the basis that the two objectives of the legislature were to provide a period of protection for a company and that a company should be continued as a going concern.The legislation was being used as a last attempt to save companies which were incapable of salvation. As John O’Donnell put it in his article ‘Nursing t he Corporate Patient – Examinership and Certification under the Companies Act, 1990’, â€Å"for many, it has been a painful experience to learn that the Act is designed to help cure the sick but cannot raise the dead. † Keane notes that the granting of the examiner is discretionary. A court may appoint an examiner where it appears that: a) A company is or is likely to be unable to pay its debts; (b) No resolution subsists for the winding-up of the company; (c) No order has been made for the winding-up of the company. Because of the effects of an examiner on a company, one should not be appointed without a real prospect of survival. Lardner J in Re Atlantic Magnetics Ltd advocated a strict test for â€Å"reasonable prospect of survival†. He was overruled by the Supreme Court, in favour of a requirement of â€Å"some prospect of survival†.Prior to the revision of CA 1990, the leading authority on the test for the appointment of an examiner was that S C decision in Re Atlantic Magnetics Ltd. The statutory revision of Section 2. 2 has effectively reversed that decision. The foregoing views are supported by the decision of the High Court in Re Tuskar Resources plc, which was the first written decision on the appointment of an examiner since the changes effected by CA 1999 were commenced. McCracken J began by analysing the changes effected to the test for the appointment.He said the new test was more in keeping with the decision of Lardner J in the High Court than with the decision in the Supreme Court – â€Å"In re Atlantic Magnetic†¦Finlay CJ also stated that there cannot be an onus of proof on a petitioner to establish as matter of probability that the company is capable of surviving as a going concern. It seems to me that this is no longer the position under the Act of 1999 by reason of the wording of the new sub-s 2(2). † He refused to appoint an examiner as the petitioner had failed to discharge the onus of proof that there was a reasonable prospect of the survival of the company.Although all petitions to have an Examiner appointed must be presented to the High Court, the HC may remit the matter to the Circuit Court under CA1990 Section 3. 9 where it appears that the total liabilities of the company, do not exceed â‚ ¬317,434. For the petition to be approved, the CA 1990 required a petition to have evidence of possibility of salvation but no detailed analysis of the company’s situation was required. This is another criticism of that Act. The petition to have an examiner appointed and the grounding affidavit must be made uberrimae fides, that is, in the utmost of good faith.What was first decided by Costello J in Re Wogans (Drogheda) Ltd has now been given statutory force by Section 4a CA 1990. Where it is discovered that the court has been misled, the entire application will be tainted. If this is discovered early in the proceedings, the examiner will be discharged where the lack of good faith is sufficiently serious. However, a lack of candour and good faith will not always result in a refusal to confirm an examiner’s proposals, as seem in Re Selukwe Ltd. There are no particular qualification requirements for an examiner. They can’t have been an officer of the company within the last 12 months.McCracken J held in Re Tuskar Resources plc that there was no bar on the person who provides the independent person’s report from acting as examiner. The person appointed is entitled to court-fixed remuneration and to costs. He can employ staff to assist or may use company staff. Section 10 CA 1990 provides that any liabilities incurred during the protection period are deemed to be legit examiner expenses. These liabilities would include new borrowing. Forde and Kennedy explain that the reason why the examiner may certify liabilities is that there may otherwise be a danger that the company’s survival as a going oncern may be prejudiced . Section 29 CA 1990 gave these liabilities and expenses priority over creditors where a scheme of arrangement was drawn up or a winding up ensued. This provision was one of the most criticised. It was deemed to subvert the whole lending process, as secured creditors lost priority. This had the potential to severely prejudice these creditors should examinership fail. Prior to the enactment of the 1999 Act, the duty of the examiner was to conduct an examination of the affairs of the company and report the results to the court within a specified period and to later present proposals and schemes of arrangement.Since the 1999 Act, that report is effectively replaced by the report of the independent accountant which must now accompany the petition. Accordingly, the duty of the examiner now is: (a) To formulate proposals for a compromise or scheme of arrangement; (b) To carry out such other duties as the court may direct him to carry out. The examiner must report to the court within 35 da ys informing then of any schemes formulated. If the court is then not satisfied, it can order the company be wound up as per Section 22 CA 1999. The examiner must meet with creditors and members to devise schemes of arrangement.The members and creditors are classed for the purpose of voting on schemes and these schemes are deemed to be accepted if the majority vote in favour from each class. Various classes can vote on the proposals, including the Revenue, etc. When these proposals go to the court, any creditor or member whose interests are impaired may be heard. If a party who was completely unaware of the proposed scheme can show that the examiner knew of his existence but failed to take reasonable steps to appraise him of the situation, he may possibly have a right of action against the examiner for damages.The court will not approve the proposals unless at least one class of creditors impaired by the proposals vote in their favour. As to the actual content of the proposals, the only requirement regarding the proposals’ intrinsic merits are that of equality within classes. Proposals must be fair and equitable and not unfairly prejudicial. The court may propose modifications to schemes and these must be voted on if significant. 2. Receivership arises in the context of secured debenture holders and provides a framework in which they may act so as to enforce their security interest.Forde and Kennedy observe that at times receivership is used not simply as a means of reimbursing creditors but more as a device for reorganising insolvent companies, so as to salvage their viable parts for the benefit of those involved. Courtney notes that the term derives from the Latin recipiere â€Å"to take†. The receiver will go to the company and take control of those assets subject to the charge. They can then dispose of those assets and pay off the principal and interest due to the debenture holder.Receiverships involve two distinct relationships as per Barr J in Bula Ltd v Crowley – â€Å"First, that between the appointing mortgagee and the receiver which relates to the fundamental objective of the receivership†¦The second relationship is that between the receiver and third parties arising out of the receivership†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The receiver is usually appointed by virtue of the debenture. The validity of the appointment of a receiver is dependent upon compliance with the terms contained in the debenture and the capacity of the company and authority of its officers to create the deb ab initio, that is, from the beginning.Courtney states that a creditor owes no special duty to a company in deciding whether or not to appoint a receiver. The fundamental issue for the debenture holder is whether or not the appointment will further their interests. However, where the appointment will not advance these interests, the appointment may be said to have been made in bad faith. The only qualifications that the law requires of receivers a re negative, i. e. certain persons are barred from becoming receivers, such as undischarged bankrupts and persons connected to or related to persons within the company, as per Section 170 CA 1990.In Wise Finance Co Ltd the court held that a company’s secretary was ineligible to act as that company’s receiver. A receiver appointed by debenture can resign with notice. The court also possesses an inherent power to appoint a receiver on application by a debenture holder. This occurs in instances where the debenture doesn’t provide for an appointment in a particular situation which has arisen. A receiver appointed by the court has the status of an officer of the court and can only resign with the authority of the court.Ellis noted that receivers, irrespective of the method of their appointment, are regarded as being in a ‘fiduciary' relationship with those who appointed them. A receiver is normally deemed to be the agent of the company by virtue of his appointm ent; however, the receiver’s primary duty is to the debenture holder. The receiver owes a fiduciary duty to the debenture holder and must conduct his receivership in good faith. The receiver is liable to the debenture holder in damages if he is negligent.The receiver is liable to the company where he is negligent in the sale of any of the company’s assets. Section 172 CA 1990 states that â€Å"a receiver, in selling property of a company, shall exercise all reasonable care to obtain the best price reasonably obtainable for the property at the time of the sale†. This gave statutory effect to the law in Ireland that a receiver should be required to ensure that he got the best price for an asset, even if a much smaller sum would realise his security, as accepted in Ireland in Lambert v Donnelly and McGowan v Gannon.It was observed by McCracken J in Ruby Property Company Ltd that this is simply a statutory acknowledgement of the position at common law. A receiver ca n’t be appointed after appointment of an examiner. If appointed in the 3 days prior to examiner appointment, he may be ordered to cease acting. 3. Liquidation terminates a company’s existence and distributes its assets in a preordained way. Carrie Jane Canniffe â€Å"Restraining a Creditor's Winding up Petition – The position since Truck and Machinery Sales Ltd v Marubeni Komatsu Ltd. , proffers the winding up process can be said to mark the formalised beginning of a company's end. There are two main forms of winding up; (a) By court order; (b) Voluntary. A voluntary winding up can be either a members’ winding up or a creditors winding up. Ussher observes that the only grounds upon which a company may be wound up by the court are stated in Section 213 of the Companies Act 1963. Two different types of grounds exist for the winding up of a company by the courts, procedural and substantive.Three different procedural grounds exist: (a) The company has resolv ed by special resolution to wind up the company. It was held in the case of Re Galway and Salthill Tramway Co. , that the board of directors may not cause it to do so without the benefit of an authorising or ratifying resolution in general meeting, or specific authority in the articles. (b) The company does not commence its business within a year from its incorporation or suspends its business for a whole year. Courtney notes this ground is rarely relied upon since only contributories, the Co itself and creditors may rely on it. c) The number of members is reduced, in the case of a private company, below two, or, in the case of any other company below seven. The most important grounds however, are those of the substantive grounds. Where; (a) The Company is unable to pay its debts. The CA 1990 provides that a company shall be deemed to be unable to pay its debts in certain circumstances: (a. 1) A creditor has not been paid a debt of â‚ ¬1000 or more within three weeks after demand ing it in writing; (a. 2) A judgment is unsatisfied; or (a. 3) It is proved to the satisfaction of the court that the company is unable to pay its debts.Keane comments that in deciding whether it has been proved that the company is unable to pay its debts, the court will generally act on evidence that a creditor has repeatedly applied for a payment without success. If, however, the company can show that there is a bona fide dispute as to the particular debt claimed, the order will not be made. Alison Keirse ‘Winding up petitions – Practical application of the Stonegate test’ observed that the decision in Re Pageboy Couriers Ltd adopted the decision of Stonegate Securities Limited v Gregory establishing this method of defeating a creditor's petition to wind up a company.However, as Courtney notes it is one thing to successfully dispute the bona fides of a debt at the hearing of a petition; even where successful, the company is exposed to a glare of adverse publici ty wherein its solvency is questioned. The first Irish case to consider an application for injunction relief against the advertisement of a petition was Clandown Ltd v Davis. Morris J held that the precise amount of the debt had to be declared before the court could order a winding up. Thus Morris J granted the injunction to restrain the publication of the petition.One result of this decision is to reinforce the principle that the courts will not permit themselves to be used as a method of debt collection. Howard Linnane ‘Oppression of Members: Section 205 Companies Act, 1963’ proffers that under the CA 1963 the court has jurisdiction to order the winding up of a company where it is ‘just and equitable’ to do so. Ussher proffers that in many cases such grounds are invoked where there is a complete deadlock between the shareholders and the company’s activities to the detriment both of the member and the creditors.The leading case is Re Yenidje Tobacco Co, the principle of which was applied in Re Irish Tourist Promotions. Kenny J wound up a company in which the two directors could not meet without the risk of unruly scenes, and the business of the company could not be conducted. In conclusion, while a company’s inability to pay its debts is the most common reason for the winding up of a company, it is not determinative. A court will only wind up a company where it is just an equitable to do so.Ultimately the appropriate remedy to be employed will be dependent upon the extent of difficulty the company finds itself. â€Å"There is of course some comfort for both companies and creditors alike that the Irish statutory framework at least contemplates solutions which draw back from the finality of ultimate dissolution of a company and facilitates interested parties a way forward through these recessionary times perhaps even to the benefit of all parties concerned. â€Å"

How to Calculate Normality of a Solution

The normality of a solution is the gram equivalent weight of a solute per liter of solution. It may also be called the equivalent concentration.  It is indicated using the symbol N, eq/L, or meq/L ( 0.001 N) for units of concentration. For example, the concentration of a hydrochloric acid solution might be expressed as 0.1 N HCl. A gram equivalent weight or equivalent is a measure of the reactive capacity of a given chemical species (ion, molecule, etc.). The equivalent value is determined using the molecular weight and valence of the chemical species. Normality is the only concentration unit that is reaction dependent. Here are examples of how to calculate the normality of a solution. Key Takeaways Normality is a unit of concentration of a chemical solution expressed as gram equivalent weight of solute per liter of solution. A defined equivalence factor must be used to express concentration.Common units of normality include N, eq/L, or meq/L.Normality is the only unit of chemical concentration that depends on the chemical reaction being studied.Normality is not the most common unit of concentration, nor is its use appropriate for all chemical solutions. Typical situations when you might use normality include acid-base chemistry, redox reactions, or precipitation reactions. For most other situations, molarity or molality are better options for units. Normality Example #1 The easiest way to find normality is from molarity. All you need to know are how many mole of ions dissociate. For example, a 1 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is 2 N for acid-base reactions because each mole of sulfuric acid provides 2 moles of H ions. 1 M sulfuric acid is 1 N for sulfate precipitation since 1 mole of sulfuric acid provides 1 mole of sulfate ions. Normality Example #2 36.5 grams of hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a 1 N (one normal) solution of HCl. A normal is one gram equivalent of a solute per liter of solution. Since hydrochloric acid is a strong acid that dissociates completely in water, a 1 N solution of HCl would also be 1 N for H or Cl- ions for acid-base reactions. Normality Example #3 Find the normality of 0.321 g sodium carbonate in a 250 mL solution. To solve this problem, you need to know the formula for sodium carbonate. Once you realize there are two sodium ions per carbonate ion, the problem is simple: N 0.321 g Na2CO3  x (1 mol/105.99 g) x (2 eq/1 mol)N 0.1886 eq/0.2500 LN 0.0755 N Normality Example #4 Find the percent acid (eq wt 173.8) if 20.07 mL of 0.1100 N base is required to neutralize 0.721 g of a sample. This is essentially a matter of being able to cancel out units to obtain the final result. Remember, if given a value in milliliters (mL), its necessary to convert it to liters (L). The only tricky concept is realizing the acid and base equivalence factors will be in a 1:1 ratio. 20.07 mL x (1 L/1000 mL) x (0.1100 eq base/1 L) x (1 eq acid/1 eq base) x (173.8 g/1 eq) 0.3837 g acid When to Use Normality There are specific circumstances when its preferable to use normality rather than molarity or other unit of concentration of a chemical solution. Normality is used in acid-base chemistry to describe the concentration of hydronium (H3O) and hydroxide (OH-). In this situation, 1/feq is an integer.The equivalence factor or normality is used in precipitation reactions to indicate the number of ions that will precipitate. Here, 1/feq is once again and integer value.In redox reactions, the equivalence factor indicates how many electrons can be donated or accepted by an oxidizing or reducing agent. For redox reactions, 1/feq may be a fraction. Considerations Using Normality Normality is not an appropriate unit of concentration in all situations. First, it requires a defined equivalence factor. Second, the normality is not a set value for a chemical solution. Its value can change according to the chemical reaction being examined. For example, a solution of CaCl2 that is 2 N with respect to the chloride (Cl-) ion would only be 1 N with respect to the magnesium (Mg2) ion. Reference The use of the equivalence concept. IUPAC (archived).